My Dog Has What? Understanding Leukemia: ALL vs CLL

My Dog Has What? Understanding Leukemia: ALL vs CLL

If your dog has recently been diagnosed with Leukemia, you may be feeling overwhelmed, confused, and scared. You're not alone — and we're here to help you understand what this diagnosis means, answer common questions, and help you know how to support your pet.

What is Canine Leukemia?

Leukemia is a type of blood cancer in which abnormal cells are produced uncontrollably in the bone marrow. The most common type of Leukemia is Lymphocytic Leukemia, which affects the white blood cells, specifically those called lymphocytes. Because these white blood cells (lymphocytes) are being overproduced, they start to outnumber the normal, healthy cells, which can be damaging to your dog's immune system.

There are different forms of Leukemia, but the two most commonly diagnosed in dogs are:

• Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): A fast-moving, aggressive cancer in which immature white blood cells (lymphocytes) are being overproduced and uncontrolled.
  
• Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): A slower-progressing cancer in which more mature white blood cells (lymphocytes) are being overproduced and uncontrolled.

Common Questions Pet Parents Ask

1. How is leukemia diagnosed in dogs?

Diagnosis usually starts with blood work. Many dogs do not show symptoms of the disease until they are getting bloodwork done at their yearly appointment with their veterinarian. Vets may notice abnormally high white blood cells, low red blood cells (anemia), or low platelets on your dog’s blood work.  From there, further tests like PCR, flow cytometry, and in some cases a bone marrow aspirate or biopsy are performed to categorize the cancerous cells even further and determine an accurate diagnosis. Running additional testing to further look at the cancerous cells being produced by the bone marrow is crucial and allows your veterinarian to plan an appropriate treatment protocol for your dog.  

‍2. Is leukemia painful for dogs?

Leukemia itself doesn’t typically cause pain, but the effects — like anemia, GI upset, or potential infections — can make your dog feel tired, weak, or unwell. The goal of treatment is to help your pet feel as comfortable and happy as possible. Quality of life is so important for these patients and is something you should discuss thoroughly with your veterinarian.

3. What treatments are available?

• ALL: Treated with aggressive chemotherapy protocols, sometimes starting in the hospital. Supportive care (antibiotics, appetite stimulants, transfusions) is often needed.
• CLL: May not need immediate treatment. When it is needed, oral chemotherapy is often used and can be given at home.

Your veterinary oncologist will help tailor a plan that fits your dog’s needs and quality of life.

4. What’s the prognosis?

• ALL: Unfortunately, this is a tough cancer with a guarded prognosis. Even with treatment, survival is often measured in months. That said, some dogs respond very well for a time, and treatment can improve comfort and quality of life.
• CLL: Many dogs live with CLL for 1–3 years with proper management, though remission is rare in these cases.

5. How did my dog get Leukemia?

Unfortunately we do not have a clear “cause” of Leukemia in dogs. Like many types of cancer, a single cause can not be pinpointed. Genetics and environment could be risk factors to consider but no direct causes are known at this time.

6. How can I support my dog?

• Work with a veterinary oncologist: They specialize in cancer care and can explain your options in detail if you are confused or have questions.
• Stay connected: Keep up with regular vet visits and recommended tests. Stay in close communication with your veterinary team at both your primary vet clinic and your specialty clinic.
• Pay Attention: Watch for changes in energy, appetite, or behavior. You know your dog better than anyone, so watch for things that are abnormal for them.
• Celebrate the good days: Quality time and comfort matter most. Keep their environment calm and stress-free. Quality of life is key!

♥️ You’re not alone

A Leukemia diagnosis is never easy to hear, but it doesn’t mean there’s no hope. Whether your dog has ALL or CLL, there are treatments and supportive options available that can help improve their quality of life.

Always remember, you are your dog’s best advocate. Your dog is lucky to have you in their corner.